voltamperes

Voltamperes, in engineering notation, refer to the volt-ampere (VA), the unit of apparent power in alternating current (AC) circuits. Apparent power is defined as the product of the root-mean-square (RMS) voltage and the RMS current: S = V_rms × I_rms. One volt-ampere equals one volt times one ampere. Unlike real power, volt-amperes do not represent the actual rate of energy conversion, but rather the total power flow that includes both useful work and the energy stored in electric and magnetic fields.

In sinusoidal steady-state circuits, electrical power can be split into real power P, measured in watts (W), and reactive power Q, measured in volt-ampere reactive (VAR). They relate to apparent power by S^2 = P^2 + Q^2. The power factor, cos(phi), is the ratio P/S, where phi is the phase angle between voltage and current. The reactive component Q accounts for energy that alternates between source and reactive elements, while P represents energy consumed by resistive elements.

Formulas differentiate by circuit type. For a single-phase system, S = V_rms × I_rms. For a balanced three-phase system, S = √3 × V_L × I_L, where V_L is the line-to-line voltage and I_L the line current. In non-sinusoidal conditions, S is still defined as V_rms × I_rms, but P and Q may not fully capture distortion power, and the power factor becomes a broader measure of waveform quality.

Voltamperes are widely used for rating electrical equipment such as transformers, power supplies, and UPS systems, where the apparent power dictates the capacity to deliver both real and reactive power.