virtsa

Virtsa is the Finnish term for urine, the fluid excreted by the kidneys as part of waste removal. It is produced by filtration of blood plasma, with selective reabsorption and secretion concentrating water and electrolytes. Normal virtsa is mainly water with dissolved urea, creatinine, uric acid, electrolytes, and small metabolites. The pH typically ranges from 4.5 to 8.0; color varies from pale yellow to amber depending on hydration; odor is usually mild.

Physiological role: elimination of waste and regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance; participation in acid-base homeostasis. Hormones such as antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone adjust urine volume and concentration.

Urinalysis is a common diagnostic test. It assesses color, clarity, specific gravity, pH, and substances such as protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, blood, nitrites, and leukocytes. Microscopic exam may reveal cells, crystals, bacteria, or casts.

Collection and handling: clean-catch midstream samples are standard; first-morning samples are preferred for some tests. Samples should be collected in clean containers and kept refrigerated if not analyzed promptly.

Clinical relevance: abnormal findings can indicate urinary tract infection, kidney stones, diabetes, nephropathy, dehydration, or liver disease. A normal virtsa result does not exclude disease; further testing may be required based on symptoms.