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Version control systems are tools that help manage changes to source code over time. They allow multiple people to work on a project simultaneously without overwriting each other's work. Version control systems keep track of every modification to the code in a special kind of database. If a mistake is made, developers can turn back the clock and compare earlier versions of the code to help fix the mistake while minimizing disruption to all team members.

There are two main types of version control systems: centralized and distributed. Centralized version control systems, like Subversion (SVN), use a single server to store all versions of a project. This can make it easier to manage permissions and ensure that everyone is working on the most up-to-date version. However, it can also be a single point of failure, as the server must be available for everyone to access the code.

Distributed version control systems, like Git, allow each developer to have their own local copy of the entire project's history. This makes it easier to work offline and can speed up some operations, as the local copy can be used to quickly access and compare different versions of the code. However, it can also make it more difficult to enforce certain workflows and permissions, as each developer has their own copy of the code.

Version control systems are an essential tool for modern software development, as they help ensure that code is well-organized, easy to understand, and free of errors. They also make it easier for teams to collaborate and work together on complex projects.