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Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. Its primary functions are to regulate water balance in the body and to constrict blood vessels. Vasopressin acts on the kidneys, specifically the collecting ducts and distal tubules, to increase their permeability to water. This allows more water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the bloodstream, thereby concentrating the urine and reducing water loss. This action is crucial for maintaining proper hydration and blood volume.

In addition to its role in water homeostasis, vasopressin also exerts pressor effects by binding to V1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, causing vasoconstriction. This increases peripheral vascular resistance and, consequently, blood pressure. The release of vasopressin is stimulated by increased plasma osmolality (a measure of the concentration of solutes in the blood) and decreased blood volume or pressure. Conversely, decreased osmolality and increased blood volume suppress vasopressin release. Vasopressin plays a significant role in the body's response to dehydration and hemorrhage. It is also involved in social behaviors, learning, and memory, although these roles are less understood than its physiological functions.