vacuólu

Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of plant and fungal cells. They are involved in various cellular processes, including storage, maintenance of turgor pressure, and detoxification. Vacuoles can be categorized into three main types: central vacuoles, peripheral vacuoles, and contractile vacuoles.

Central vacuoles are the largest organelles in plant cells, occupying up to 90% of the cell's volume. They store water, nutrients, and waste products, and help maintain the cell's shape and rigidity by regulating the intake and release of water. The central vacuole also plays a role in the detoxification of harmful substances and the storage of pigments.

Peripheral vacuoles are smaller and more numerous than central vacuoles. They are found in the cytoplasm of plant cells and are involved in the storage of various substances, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Peripheral vacuoles also contribute to the maintenance of the cell's turgor pressure.

Contractile vacuoles are found in freshwater protists and some plant cells. They pump excess water out of the cell to maintain proper hydration and prevent the cell from bursting. Contractile vacuoles are unique because they contain microtubules that contract and pump water out of the cell.

In summary, vacuoles are essential organelles in plant and fungal cells that play a crucial role in storage, maintenance of turgor pressure, and detoxification. Their diverse functions contribute to the overall health and functioning of these cells.