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Cystoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra. It involves inserting a thin, flexible tube called a cystoscope into the urethra and gently advancing it into the bladder. The cystoscope has a light and a camera at its tip, which allows the physician to visualize the urinary tract on a monitor.

The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia, although sedation or general anesthesia may be used in some cases. It is used to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions affecting the bladder and urethra. These can include urinary tract infections, bladder stones, bladder cancer, blood in the urine (hematuria), and urinary incontinence. It can also be used to place a stent in the ureter or to take tissue samples (biopsies) for further examination.

Before the procedure, patients are usually advised to drink plenty of fluids to ensure the bladder is full. After the cystoscopy, some temporary discomfort, burning during urination, or a small amount of blood in the urine may occur. These symptoms usually subside within a day or two. Complications are rare but can include infection or bleeding.