transitionmetalcontaining

Transition metal-containing compounds are chemical substances that incorporate one or more transition metals in their structure. In the broad sense, this includes elements from the transition block of the periodic table (groups 3–12). These metals—such as iron, copper, nickel, and titanium—are characterized by partially filled d orbitals, variable oxidation states, and the ability to adopt diverse coordination geometries. This variability underpins much of their chemistry and enables complex reactivity across phases, from solutions to solids.

Transition metals readily form coordination compounds with ligands, leading to a wide range of colors and magnetic properties. They also participate in organometallic chemistry via metal–carbon bonds and form solid-state materials such as oxides, sulfides, and phosphides. The electronic structure of transition metals gives rise to characteristic phenomena such as ligand-field splitting and diverse redox chemistry, which is exploited in catalysis and energy conversion.

Representative examples include coordination complexes like hexacyanoferrate(III) [Fe(CN)6]3−, copper(II) aquacations [Cu(H2O)6]2+, and organometallics such as Fe(CO)5 and ferrocene. Transition metal oxides (for example TiO2, MnO2) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) illustrate solid-state applications, while supported metals and nanoparticles enable industrial catalysis and electrocatalysis. In materials science, transition metals underpin pigments, electronic conductors, and energy-storage materials.

Applications of transition metal-containing compounds span catalysis (industrial and fine-chemical), energy conversion and storage, sensing, and materials science. Related concerns include resource availability, environmental impact, and toxicity, which influence sustainability considerations in design, synthesis, and deployment.