teichoovými

Teichoic acids are polymers found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. They are anionic polymers composed of repeating units of either glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate, linked by phosphodiester bonds. These repeating units can be further modified with various substituents, such as D-alanine, D-glucosamine, or D-galactose, which can influence the properties of the cell wall and the interaction of the bacterium with its environment. Teichoic acids are covalently linked to the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall and can also be attached to the cytoplasmic membrane via a lipid moiety, in which case they are termed lipoteichoic acids.

The primary functions of teichoic acids are related to the structural integrity of the Gram-positive cell wall. They contribute to the rigidity and stability of the wall, helping the bacterium withstand osmotic pressure. Teichoic acids also play a role in cell division and the regulation of autolytic enzymes, which are involved in cell wall remodeling. Furthermore, they can bind divalent cations, such as magnesium and calcium, which are essential for the function of many bacterial enzymes. Beyond structural roles, teichoic acids are implicated in the adhesion of bacteria to host tissues and in modulating the host immune response. Their presence on the bacterial surface can be recognized by host immune cells, potentially triggering inflammatory or anti-inflammatory reactions. Research into teichoic acids continues to explore their diverse roles in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.