sæsi

Süsi is the Estonian term for coal, a solid fossil fuel formed from ancient plant material under high pressure and heat over millions of years. It has various grades based on carbon content and calorific value, including lower-grade lignite, bituminous coal, and higher-grade anthracite. The word is used in Estonia to refer to coal and also to charcoal used for grilling and metalwork.

Coal is mined from sedimentary basins and processed for use in electricity generation, heating, and industry. In electricity generation, coal is burned in power plants to heat water, producing steam that drives turbines. In industry, coal is converted to coke for steel production. Global producers include China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, and parts of Europe.

Environmental and social aspects accompany coal use. Combustion releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulates, contributing to air pollution and climate change. Mining activities can cause land disturbance, water pollution, and habitat loss. Many countries are reducing coal consumption in favor of lower-emission energy sources, while maintaining energy security and supply reliability in the transition.

Historically, coal powered the Industrial Revolution and remains a major energy source in several regions, though its share is declining in favor of renewables and natural gas. In Estonia and much of Europe, coal use has decreased due to environmental regulations, market shifts, and policy reforms shaping the region’s energy mix.