sytoplasmat

Cytoplasm is the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. It comprises cytosol, a gel-like substance, and the organelles suspended within it. Cytosol, also known as the intracellular fluid, is composed mainly of water but also contains dissolved ions, small molecules, and soluble macromolecules like proteins. This fluid medium is the site of many metabolic reactions, including glycolysis and certain protein synthesis steps.

Within the cytoplasm, various organelles perform specialized functions essential for cell survival and activity. These include mitochondria, responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production; ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis; the endoplasmic reticulum, a network of membranes that synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids; and the Golgi apparatus, which modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, while peroxisomes are involved in metabolic processes that produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide. In plant cells, chloroplasts are present, carrying out photosynthesis. The cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments and tubules, provides structural support to the cell, maintains its shape, and facilitates cell movement and intracellular transport.