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subatomair

Subatomair, or subatomic, refers to the realm of matter and energy at scales smaller than atoms. It encompasses elementary particles, such as quarks and leptons, as well as composite particles like protons, neutrons, and mesons. Quarks come in six flavors and combine to form hadrons; leptons include electrons and neutrinos. The interactions among these particles are governed by the four fundamental forces: electromagnetic, weak, strong, and gravity, though gravity's effects are negligible at subatomic scales. The Standard Model of particle physics describes these particles and forces (except gravity) in terms of quantum fields and exchange particles, or gauge bosons: photons for electromagnetic, W and Z bosons for weak, gluons for strong, and the Higgs boson giving mass to some particles.

Historically, subatomic research began with the discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson in 1897, followed

Experimental study uses particle accelerators, detectors, and techniques such as deep inelastic scattering, collider experiments, and

Applications of subatomic research span medicine, including imaging and radiotherapy, materials science, and electronics, reflecting the

by
Rutherford's
nuclear
model,
Chadwick's
discovery
of
the
neutron,
and
decades
of
accelerator-based
experiments
that
revealed
quarks
and
leptons
in
the
1960s–1970s.
The
discovery
of
the
Higgs
boson
in
2012
completed
the
roster
of
particles
predicted
by
the
Standard
Model.
neutrino
observatories.
Large
facilities
include
CERN's
Large
Hadron
Collider,
Fermilab,
and
others.
practical
impact
of
understanding
subatomic
interactions.