sodiumchloride

Sodium chloride, also known as table salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl. It consists of sodium cations (Na+) and chloride anions (Cl−) in an extended lattice. It occurs naturally as the mineral halite and is widely distributed in the earth’s oceans and soils.

Sodium chloride forms through evaporation of seawater or saline brines and is mined from underground halite deposits or produced by solar or artificial evaporation of seawater. Industrial production often involves mining raw rock salt or extracting brines, followed by purification and refinement to remove impurities.

Physically, sodium chloride is a white to colorless crystalline solid that forms cubic crystals. It is highly soluble in water and has a melting point of about 801°C and a boiling point around 1,413°C. It is nonflammable and chemically stable under many conditions, though it can be corrosive to some metals in certain environments when concentrated.

Uses are diverse. The primary application is as a seasoning and preservative for food. It also serves as a major chemical feedstock for the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide and is used in de-icing roads, water treatment, agriculture, and various industrial processes. Saline solutions are routinely employed in medical and laboratory settings.

Safety and regulation emphasize that while dietary sodium chloride is essential in small amounts, excessive intake is linked to health risks such as hypertension. Handling and exposure should follow standard safety guidelines to avoid inhalation of dust and excessive skin or eye contact, and to prevent contamination of food supplies.