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Sedimentary rocks are one of the three main types of rocks, the others being igneous and metamorphic. They are formed from the accumulation and cementation of mineral or organic particles at the Earth's surface, within bodies of water, or in the subsurface. This process is known as sedimentation. Sedimentary rocks are typically characterized by their layered or stratified structure, which reflects the sequential deposition of sediments.

The formation of sedimentary rocks begins with the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks, which breaks them down into smaller particles. These particles, known as sediments, are then transported by wind, water, or ice to areas where they accumulate. Over time, these sediments are compacted and cemented together by minerals precipitated from groundwater, forming solid rock.

Sedimentary rocks can be further classified based on their composition and texture. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of fragments of pre-existing rocks, while chemical sedimentary rocks form from the precipitation of minerals from solution. Organic sedimentary rocks, such as coal and some limestones, are formed from the accumulation of organic material.

Sedimentary rocks are important for several reasons. They often contain valuable resources such as fossil fuels, groundwater, and minerals. They also provide a record of past environments and climates, which can be studied to understand the Earth's history. Additionally, sedimentary rocks are often used in construction and as building materials.