sammaltaimed

Sammaltaimed, also known as bryophytes, constitute a diverse group of non-vascular plants that reproduce via spores. They are a primitive lineage of land plants, distinct from vascular plants like trees and ferns. This group is commonly divided into three main phyla: the liverworts (Marchantiophyta), the hornworts (Anthocerotophyta), and the mosses (Bryophyta).

These plants typically thrive in moist and shady environments, though some species have adapted to arid or even aquatic habitats. They lack true roots, stems, and leaves. Instead, they possess simple structures such as rhizoids for anchorage, and their gametophyte generation is the dominant phase of their life cycle. Reproduction involves alternation of generations, with a distinct haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte phase.

Sammaltaimed play crucial roles in ecosystems. They help in soil formation, prevent erosion, and retain moisture. They also provide microhabitats for various small invertebrates and contribute to biodiversity. Their sensitivity to environmental changes makes them useful bioindicators of air and water quality. While they do not have the commercial importance of many vascular plants, some mosses are used in horticulture for soil conditioning and in floristry. Their study is important for understanding plant evolution and ecological processes.