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The temporomandibular joint, commonly referred to as the TMJ, is a hinge-like joint that connects the lower jawbone (mandible) to the temporal bone of the skull. It is located on each side of the head, just in front of the ears. This joint is crucial for a wide range of functions, including chewing, speaking, and yawning.

Each TMJ is composed of several parts: the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone, the condyle of the mandible, and an articular disc. The articular disc, made of fibrocartilage, sits between the bones and helps to absorb shock and allow for smooth movement. The entire joint is surrounded by a capsule and is supported by several ligaments that provide stability.

The TMJ allows for a complex range of motion. It can move up and down, allowing the jaw to open and close. It also permits side-to-side movement, essential for grinding food, and forward and backward gliding motions. These movements are coordinated by a network of muscles, including the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles.

Disorders affecting the TMJ are known as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). These can cause pain in the jaw joint and the muscles that control jaw movement. Symptoms of TMD can include jaw pain, clicking or popping sounds when opening or closing the mouth, difficulty chewing, and headaches. The causes of TMD are varied and can include injury to the jaw, arthritis, or teeth grinding (bruxism). Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, and treatment options range from conservative measures like pain medication and lifestyle adjustments to more invasive procedures.