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The rhomboideus major and rhomboideus minor are muscles located in the upper back, beneath the trapezius muscle. They originate from the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae and insert onto the medial border of the scapula. These muscles are crucial for scapular retraction, elevation, and rotation.

The rhomboideus major originates from the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae T2 to T5, while the rhomboideus minor originates from the spinous process of the C7 vertebra and the spinous processes of T1. Both muscles run inferolaterally to insert on the vertebral border of the scapula, with the minor attaching superiorly to the major's insertion.

Their primary actions include pulling the scapula medially towards the vertebral column (retraction), lifting the scapula upwards (elevation), and rotating the inferior angle of the scapula medially. This coordinated action is vital for posture, stabilizing the shoulder blade during arm movements, and enabling activities like rowing or pulling. Weakness or dysfunction of these muscles can contribute to poor posture, shoulder pain, and limited range of motion. They are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve.