redoxsignaling

Redox signaling refers to the biological processes by which cells communicate and regulate their functions through reversible changes in oxidation and reduction states, particularly involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These molecules, once primarily considered harmful byproducts of metabolism, are now recognized as crucial signaling mediators. Specific ROS and RNS, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO), can act as second messengers, initiating signaling cascades that influence a wide range of cellular activities.

These signaling pathways are involved in fundamental cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and immune responses. For example, ROS can activate or inhibit specific protein kinases and phosphatases, thereby altering downstream gene expression and protein function. Similarly, RNS can modify proteins through nitration, affecting their activity and stability. The delicate balance between ROS/RNS production and their detoxification is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of redox signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Understanding redox signaling is therefore a key area of research in biology and medicine, with potential implications for therapeutic interventions.