rajya

Rajya is a term of Sanskrit origin meaning “realm,” “kingdom,” or “sovereignty.” In many Indian languages such as Hindi, Marathi, and Kannada, it is used to denote a state or political division within a country. The word also appears in historical and literary contexts to refer to kingdoms or dominions, and, more broadly, to a condition or status.

In contemporary India, Rajya appears in institutional names and in translations of administrative terms. The most prominent usage is Rajya Sabha, the Council of States, which forms the upper chamber of Parliament and represents the states and union territories at the national level.

Rajya Sabha, established in 1952, comprises 245 members: 233 elected by state and union territory legislatures through proportional representation by the single transferable vote, and 12 nominated by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. Members serve six-year terms, with about one-third retiring every two years. It is a permanent body and is not dissolved, though vacancies are filled periodically. In legislation, Rajya Sabha reviews bills and can propose amendments or delay non-financial bills; money bills originate in the Lok Sabha and require its approval. The inclusion of representatives from states and nominated experts informs debates on national issues and governance.

Beyond Parliament, Rajya is used to refer to states and sovereign entities in literature and official terminology, and it appears in place names and as a given name in some communities.