próteinlífsýntese

Próteinlífsýntese is the biological process by which cells build proteins. This fundamental process is essential for life as proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including acting as enzymes, structural components, signaling molecules, and antibodies. The synthesis of proteins involves two main stages: transcription and translation.

Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and involves the copying of genetic information from DNA into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This mRNA then travels out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Translation takes place in the cytoplasm, specifically on ribosomes. Here, the sequence of codons (three-nucleotide units) on the mRNA molecule is read. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid, bind to the mRNA codons, delivering the correct amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Ribosomes catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between these amino acids, assembling them into a functional protein. The process continues until a stop codon is encountered on the mRNA, signaling the termination of protein synthesis. The newly synthesized protein may then undergo further modifications to become fully functional.