proteolýzy

Proteolýza, known in English as proteolysis, is a biological process involving the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids. This process is catalyzed by enzymes called proteases or peptidases, which cleave the peptide bonds between amino acids within proteins. Proteolysis is fundamental to many biological functions, including digestion, cellular regulation, and protein turnover.

In the digestive system, proteolysis facilitates the breakdown of dietary proteins into amino acids and small peptides that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Enzymes such as pepsin in the stomach, and trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine, are key players in this process.

Beyond digestion, proteolysis is crucial for cellular regulation and signaling. It enables the activation of certain enzymes and hormones from inactive precursors, modulates protein activity and stability, and facilitates the removal of damaged or misfolded proteins through cellular degradation pathways like the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy.

Proteolytic processes are tightly regulated to prevent excessive protein degradation, which could be detrimental to cellular integrity. Dysregulation of proteolysis has been associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions.

Overall, proteolýza is an essential physiological process that sustains homeostasis, supports immune responses, and enables proper cellular function. Its study spans multiple disciplines, including biochemistry, physiology, and medicine, reflecting its broad significance in health and disease.