preskriptif

Preskriptiv is a term used in linguistics and language education to denote an approach that prescribes how a language should be used, in contrast to approaches that describe how it is used. It encompasses rules, norms, and standards for correctness in grammar, spelling, pronunciation, and style.

Origin and scope: The concept derives from Latin prescriptus "written beforehand" and is used across many languages to label grammars and style guides that set normative expectations. In practice, preskriptive norms may cover issues such as avoiding split infinitives, preferring certain word orders for perceived formality, or discouraging ending sentences with prepositions.

Relation to descriptive: Preskriptiv contrasts with descriptive linguistics, which aims to document language as it is used in real contexts without judgments about correctness. Many modern linguists consider preskriptive rules to reflect historical conventions, social prestige, or pedagogical convenience rather than universal facts.

Applications and implications: Preskriptive norms inform education, dictionaries, style guides, media usage, and language policy. They can promote clarity and mutual intelligibility within a standard variety, but they may also marginalize regional dialects and impede natural language change.

See also: prescriptive grammar; descriptive grammar; language planning.