présupposé

Présupposé is a term originating from linguistics and philosophy that refers to an unstated assumption that underlies a statement or utterance. It is a belief that is taken for granted by the speaker and, ideally, by the listener in order for the communication to be successful. Presuppositions are not explicitly stated but are necessary for the meaning of the utterance to be understood.

For example, the sentence "John has stopped smoking" presupposes that John was smoking before. If John never smoked, the statement would be factually incorrect, but the presupposition is still present within the structure of the sentence. Similarly, a question like "When did you stop beating your wife?" presupposes that the person being asked has indeed beaten their wife. The question itself cannot be answered meaningfully without accepting the underlying assumption.

Présupposés can be linguistic, arising from the grammar and vocabulary of a language, or they can be cultural and social, based on shared knowledge and beliefs within a community. They play a crucial role in efficient communication by allowing speakers to avoid reiterating information that is considered common knowledge. However, presuppositions can also be used manipulatively, to subtly introduce assumptions that the listener might not otherwise accept. Identifying presuppositions is an important skill for critical thinking and for understanding the full implications of what is said.