posttranslacyjnych

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are chemical alterations that occur on proteins after their initial synthesis, typically during or after translation. These modifications play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including protein folding, stability, localization, and function. PTMs can be reversible or irreversible and are often catalyzed by enzymes known as PTMases. Common types of PTMs include phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation. Phosphorylation, for example, involves the addition of a phosphate group to a protein, often regulated by kinases and phosphatases. Glycosylation adds sugar molecules, which can occur co-translationally or post-translationally. Ubiquitination typically involves the attachment of ubiquitin molecules, often leading to protein degradation or signaling. Acetylation adds an acetyl group, often influencing protein-protein interactions and chromatin structure. PTMs are essential for cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of PTMs has been linked to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic conditions. Understanding PTMs is therefore vital for comprehending normal cellular function and developing therapeutic strategies for related diseases.