poenarum

Poenarum is the genitive plural form of the Latin noun poena, meaning penalty, punishment, or fine. The term appears in classical and medieval Latin as part of phrases describing sanctions, retribution, or liability under law. As a genitive, poenarum functions to express possession or association, such as “the penalties of X” or “the severity of Y,” depending on context.

Etymology: Poena comes from Greek poine, via Latin. The genitive plural poenarum is formed as the standard 1st-declension feminine noun pattern.

Declension: singular—nom poena, gen poenae, dat poenae, acc poenam, abl poena; plural—nom poenae, gen poenarum, dat poenis, acc poenas, abl poenis.

Context and usage: In legal, historical, and rhetorical texts, poenarum appears in constructions that discuss penalties imposed by law, guilt, or consequence, though the exact sense depends on the surrounding nouns and verbs.

See also: Poena; Punishment; Penalty; Latin grammar; List of Latin nouns.