plantea

Plantae is a term used in biology to denote a major group of primarily photosynthetic, typically stationary eukaryotes that includes land plants and many green algae. In traditional classification, Plantae was treated as a single kingdom grouping together these organisms. In modern phylogenetics, the term is often used in two related senses: as a broad clade that unites green plants and their green algal relatives (the Viridiplantae), or more narrowly to refer to the land plants (Embryophyta) themselves. The exact circumscription can vary among classification systems.

Key characteristics of Plantae include photosynthesis, using chlorophyll a and b, and a general tendency to store energy as starch. Their cell walls are typically composed of cellulose. Most members are autotrophic, though some parasitic or symbiotic forms exist. The group ranges from unicellular and simple multicellular forms, such as certain green algae, to highly complex, multicellular land plants. Reproduction and life cycles vary, with many land plants displaying alternation of generations, alternating between haploid and diploid phases.

Diversity within Plantae is organized into major lineages such as the green algae (Chlorophyta and Charophyta) and land plants. Land plants are further divided into non-vascular plants (bryophytes: mosses, liverworts, hornworts), seedless vascular plants (ferns and horsetails), and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms). Ecologically, plants are primary producers, forming the foundation of most ecosystems by converting light energy into chemical energy and supporting diverse food webs. Humans rely on plants for food, materials, medicine, and cultural value.