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Peatlands are wetland ecosystems characterized by the accumulation of partially decayed organic matter, known as peat. This process occurs because the waterlogged conditions in peatlands create an anaerobic environment, slowing down decomposition. Peat can build up over thousands of years, forming thick layers that can reach several meters in depth. These environments are found across the globe, particularly in cooler, wetter climates such as the boreal regions of North America and Eurasia, as well as in temperate zones.

The unique hydrological conditions of peatlands support specialized plant communities, primarily consisting of mosses, sedges, and certain types of shrubs and trees adapted to waterlogged and acidic soils. Sphagnum moss is a dominant species in many peatlands, contributing significantly to peat formation and creating highly acidic conditions. These ecosystems play a crucial role in global carbon cycling, acting as significant carbon sinks by storing vast amounts of carbon in their peat layers.

Peatlands are ecologically important, providing habitat for a variety of wildlife, including birds, amphibians, and insects. They also have significant hydrological functions, regulating water flow and acting as natural filters. However, peatlands are also vulnerable to human activities such as drainage for agriculture or forestry, peat extraction for fuel or horticultural purposes, and climate change. These disturbances can lead to the release of stored carbon, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Conservation and restoration efforts are increasingly recognized as important for maintaining the ecological and climatic benefits of peatlands.