parenterálne

Parenterálně, or parenterally, describes the administration of substances by routes that bypass the gastrointestinal tract. This category includes injections and infusions delivered through non-oral routes, most commonly intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous, but also intradermal and neuraxial (spinal or epidural) routes, and, in emergencies, intraosseous administration. The term is used in medicine to distinguish these methods from enteral administration, which uses the digestive system.

Common parenteral routes and techniques require sterile preparation and specialized devices. Intravenous administration provides rapid, systemic drug delivery and exact dosing through IV lines or central venous catheters. Intramuscular injections deliver medications into muscle tissue, while subcutaneous injections place drug under the skin for slower absorption. Intradermal injections are used for certain vaccines and diagnostic tests. Some therapies use intrathecal or epidural routes to target the central nervous system or the spinal region.

Indications include when the GI tract is unreliable or inaccessible, when rapid onset is needed, when a drug is poorly absorbed orally, or for nutrition and certain therapies that require precise plasma concentrations. Safety concerns involve infection, catheter-related complications, phlebitis, tissue injury, dosing errors, and drug incompatibilities.

Preparation and storage follow strict asepsis and regulatory standards. Many parenteral drugs are supplied in sterile vials and require dilution, labeling, and refrigeration when applicable. Parenteral nutrition is a prominent example, delivering nutrients intravenously for patients unable to use the digestive tract.