parenteralisesti

Parenteralisesti, or parenterally in medical usage, refers to administration of substances outside the gastrointestinal tract. This means drugs, nutrients, or fluids delivered by injections or infusions rather than by mouth or via the digestive system.

Common parenteral routes include intravenous (into a vein), intramuscular (into a muscle), subcutaneous (under the skin), intradermal, intra-arterial, intrathecal (into the spinal canal), epidural, and intraventricular administration. Central venous access devices or peripheral IV lines may be used, depending on duration and volume.

Parenteral administration is chosen when oral administration is not feasible due to vomiting, unconsciousness, surgery, or improper absorption, or when rapid systemic effect is required. It also enables total parenteral nutrition (TPN) via a central venous catheter for patients who cannot use the gastrointestinal tract. Drugs given parenterally include analgesics, antibiotics, vaccines, hormones, and emergency medications.

Safety and risks: requires aseptic technique; risk of infection, thrombophlebitis, air embolism, infiltration, tissue damage, and dosing errors. Monitoring includes signs of adverse reactions and, for parenteral nutrition, metabolic balance and liver function. In clinical practice, parenteral therapy is chosen with consideration of benefits and risks, patient condition, and resource availability.