paratüroidide

Paratüroidide, also known as the parathyroid glands, are small endocrine glands located in the neck, typically positioned behind the thyroid gland. There are usually four parathyroid glands, though the number can vary between two and six. These glands play a crucial role in calcium homeostasis by secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and bones.

The primary function of paratüroidide is to maintain stable calcium levels, essential for normal functioning of nerves, muscles, and other tissues. PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bones, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines (indirectly through activation of vitamin D), and reducing calcium excretion in the kidneys. It also influences phosphate metabolism by decreasing phosphate reabsorption in renal tubules.

Disorders related to paratüroidide include hyperparathyroidism, where excess PTH causes elevated blood calcium levels, potentially leading to osteoporosis, kidney stones, or neuropsychiatric disturbances. Conversely, hypoparathyroidism involves insufficient PTH production, resulting in low calcium levels that can cause muscle cramps, tingling sensations, or seizures.

Paratüroidide are vital components of the endocrine system, and their proper function is essential for maintaining mineral balance and overall metabolic health. Their surgical removal or dysfunction can lead to significant clinical implications, requiring medical management for associated conditions.