nukleofilian

Nucleophilic attack is a type of reaction in organic chemistry where a nucleophile species donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond with an electrophile species. A nucleophile is an atom or group of atoms that are nucleophilic, meaning they have a tendency to donate an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

Nucleophilic attack typically involves the transfer of a pair of electrons from the nucleophile to the electrophile, resulting in the formation of a new covalent bond. This process is often facilitated by a catalyst or an activator, which can help to reduce the activation energy required for the reaction.

A nucleophile can be a charged species, such as a negatively charged anion, or a neutral species, such as a lone pair of electrons on an atom. Nucleophilic attack can occur through different mechanisms, including SN1, SN2, and E2 reactions.

In a SN1 reaction, the nucleophile attacks a cationic intermediate formed by the initial step of the reaction. In a SN2 reaction, the nucleophile attacks the electrophile directly, resulting in the formation of a new covalent bond.

Nucleophilic attack is an important mechanism in many organic reactions, including substitution reactions, addition reactions, and elimination reactions. Understanding the principles of nucleophilic attack can help organic chemists to design and optimize new reactions and chemical syntheses.