nucleotidemetabolism

Nucleotide metabolism refers to the set of biochemical processes involved in the synthesis and degradation of nucleotides. Nucleotides are essential building blocks of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, and also play crucial roles in energy transfer, cell signaling, and as coenzymes in various metabolic reactions. The metabolism of nucleotides is highly regulated to ensure a constant supply of these vital molecules while preventing their accumulation to toxic levels.

There are two primary pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis: the de novo pathway and the salvage pathway. The de novo pathway synthesizes nucleotides from simple precursors, such as amino acids, carbon dioxide, and formyl groups. This pathway is particularly important for rapidly dividing cells that require large amounts of nucleotides. The salvage pathway recycles pre-existing bases and nucleosides released from the degradation of nucleic acids, thus conserving cellular energy.

The degradation of nucleotides leads to the formation of uric acid in humans and primates, or allantoin and other compounds in other organisms. Disruptions in nucleotide metabolism can lead to various diseases. For instance, defects in purine degradation can cause gout, characterized by the deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. Furthermore, many chemotherapeutic agents target nucleotide metabolism to inhibit the rapid proliferation of cancer cells by interfering with DNA synthesis. Enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism are therefore important targets for drug development.