multilinguism

Multilingualism, sometimes spelled multilinguism, is the use or presence of more than one language within a person, a community, or a society. At the individual level it encompasses the ability to speak, understand, read, or write in multiple languages. At the societal level it describes environments where several languages are used in public life, education, media, and governance. The study of multilingualism spans linguistics, cognitive science, psychology, and sociolinguistics.

Individuals may acquire multiple languages simultaneously in early childhood or sequentially later in life. Additive bilingualism preserves an existing language while adding a new one, whereas subtractive bilingualism involves replacing the original language. Functional multilingualism describes language use in different domains, such as home, work, or school. The concept of a linguistic repertoire or translanguaging emphasizes fluid use of linguistic resources across languages.

Cognitive and social dimensions are central. Research suggests possible benefits in executive functions and metalinguistic awareness, though effects vary with proficiency, age of acquisition, and context. Educational approaches include bilingual education, dual-language programs, and immersion schooling, aiming to develop multiple languages while supporting literacy and identity. Policy and planning address language rights, minority language maintenance, and language of instruction.

Measurement of multilingualism relies on self-report, proficiency tests, and domain-specific assessments. Challenges include language attrition, shifting dominance, social stigma, and unequal opportunities for practice. Multilingualism has deep historical roots in many regions and continues to shape identity, culture, and communication in an increasingly interconnected world.

See also: language policy, bilingual education, language acquisition, translanguaging, linguistic repertoire.