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Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) are amphipathic molecules found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. They are anionic polymers composed of repeating glycerol or ribitol phosphate units, esterified with fatty acids at one end and often glycosylated or acylated at the other. These fatty acid residues anchor the LTA to the cytoplasmic membrane, while the polyglycerol or polyribitol phosphate chains extend into the cell wall.
The structure of LTAs is highly variable among different bacterial species, influencing their interactions with host
In the context of host-pathogen interactions, LTAs are potent immunostimulants. They bind to pattern recognition receptors,