limmunologie
Limmunologie is the study of the immune system and its functions, disorders, and responses. The immune system protects organisms from infection, injury, and malignant transformation through two arms: innate immunity, which provides immediate but non-specific defense, and adaptive immunity, which targets specific pathogens and forms immunological memory. Key players include leukocytes such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells; antibodies; and signaling molecules called cytokines. Immune responses are coordinated by lymphoid organs, including bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
Recognition of pathogens involves pattern recognition receptors that detect conserved molecular patterns, leading to phagocytosis, antigen
Techniques in limmunologie include flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, and imaging; animal
Geopolitical and ethical aspects include animal use, access to vaccines, and equitable distribution of immunotherapies. The