laboratoare

A laboratory, or lab, is a controlled environment where experiments, measurements, and analyses are conducted using specialized equipment, procedures, and safety protocols. Laboratories support research, education, diagnostics, product development, and quality assurance across many fields, including chemistry, biology, physics, medical science, environmental science, and engineering.

There are several common types of laboratories. Academic or university labs focus on scientific research and training students. Clinical or medical laboratories perform diagnostic testing on specimens to aid patient care, including chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and pathology. Industrial laboratories support product development, quality control, and process optimization in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and materials. Government and public health laboratories monitor environmental quality, food safety, and disease outbreaks. Forensic laboratories analyze evidence for legal proceedings.

Typical facilities and equipment found in laboratories include workbenches or benches, fume hoods, safety cabinets, microscopes, spectrometers, chromatographs, incubators, centrifuges, and calibrated measurement instruments. Biotech and molecular biology labs may require controlled environments and biosafety containment. Good laboratory practices emphasize documentation, calibration, traceability, and adherence to standards and regulations.

Safety and ethics are central to laboratory work. Personnel use personal protective equipment, follow standard operating procedures, manage waste responsibly, and pursue quality assurance through proficiency testing and accreditation. The design of a lab, including ventilation, electrical supply, and waste handling, is tailored to its specific activities and risk level. Laboratories have played a pivotal role in scientific discovery, healthcare, and industrial innovation, shaping modern society.