krwionosnego

Krwionośnego is a Polish adjective meaning “circulatory” or “blood-vascular” and appears in phrases describing the circulatory system, such as układ krwionośny (circulatory system) or naczynia krwionośne (blood vessels). In biology, the circulatory system is the organ system responsible for circulating blood and other substances throughout the body.

The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products, supports immune defense, and helps regulate temperature and pH. It consists mainly of the heart, which acts as a muscular pump, and a network of blood vessels—arteries, veins, and capillaries—that carry blood to and from tissues.

There are two broad types of circulatory organization: closed systems, in which blood remains within vessels, seen in vertebrates and many invertebrates; and open systems, where blood bathes tissues directly. Humans and most mammals have a closed double circulatory system, comprising systemic and pulmonary circuits that connect heart and lungs with the rest of the body.

Blood is the transport fluid of the system and contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen via hemoglobin; white blood cells defend against pathogens; platelets aid in blood clotting. Blood vessels regulate flow through constriction and dilation, influencing blood pressure and distribution of flow to tissues.

Clinical relevance: disruptions of the circulatory system can impair organ function and overall health. Measurements such as blood pressure and heart rate are common health indicators, and the study of krwionośnego-related systems is central to physiology, medicine, and biomedical research.