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kranialnerv

Kranialnerv, or cranial nerves, are twelve pairs of nerves that originate directly from the brain and brainstem. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and pass through specific skull openings to reach the head and neck. Each nerve carries sensory, motor, or parasympathetic fibers, and they contribute to sensation, movement, and autonomic control in the head and neck region.

The twelve nerves are named and numbered I through XII as follows: I – olfactory (sensory, smell;

cribriform
plate);
II
–
optic
(sensory,
vision;
optic
canal);
III
–
oculomotor
(motor
to
most
extraocular
muscles;
parasympathetic
to
pupil
and
lens;
superior
orbital
fissure);
IV
–
trochlear
(motor
to
the
superior
oblique;
superior
orbital
fissure);
V
–
trigeminal
(mixed;
three
divisions
V1–V3;
V1
via
superior
orbital
fissure,
V2
via
foramen
rotundum,
V3
via
foramen
ovale);
VI
–
abducens
(motor
to
lateral
rectus;
superior
orbital
fissure);
VII
–
facial
(mixed;
motor
to
facial
muscles;
sensory
from
anterior
tongue;
parasympathetic
to
lacrimal
and
salivary
glands;
exits
via
internal
acoustic
meatus
and
stylomastoid
foramen);
VIII
–
vestibulocochlear
(sensory;
hearing
and
balance;
internal
acoustic
meatus);
IX
–
glossopharyngeal
(mixed;
sensory
from
posterior
tongue
and
pharynx;
taste;
parasympathetic
to
parotid;
jugular
foramen);
X
–
vagus
(mixed;
parasympathetic
to
thorax
and
abdomen;
sensory
and
motor
to
pharynx
and
larynx;
jugular
foramen);
XI
–
accessory
(motor
to
sternocleidomastoid
and
trapezius;
cranial
and
spinal
roots;
jugular
foramen);
XII
–
hypoglossal
(motor
to
tongue;
hypoglossal
canal).