ketamines

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that has been used in human and veterinary medicine since the 1970s. It is primarily administered intravenously or intramuscularly in a clinical setting to induce anesthesia, providing pain relief and sedation. Its mechanism of action involves blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the brain, which disrupts the transmission of pain signals and leads to a dissociative state characterized by detachment from one's surroundings. While effective for surgical procedures and short-term pain management, ketamine can also induce hallucinations, confusion, and a sense of unreality.

Beyond its anesthetic properties, ketamine has gained attention for its rapid antidepressant effects. Clinical trials have shown that a single intravenous dose can alleviate symptoms of depression, particularly in individuals with treatment-resistant depression, within hours. This effect is thought to be related to its impact on glutamate signaling and the subsequent formation of new neural connections. However, the long-term efficacy and potential side effects of ketamine for depression are still subjects of ongoing research. Recreational use of ketamine is also a concern, as it can lead to addiction and significant psychological and physical health problems. Its availability and potency necessitate careful medical supervision when used therapeutically.