karbonylowa

Karbonylowa refers to a functional group in organic chemistry containing a carbonyl group. A carbonyl group is a reactive group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. This C=O moiety is a key feature in many important classes of organic compounds. The general formula for a carbonyl group is R–C(=O)–R', where R and R' can be hydrogen atoms or organic substituents.

Aldehydes are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group where at least one of the R groups attached to the carbonyl carbon is a hydrogen atom. If both R groups are hydrogen, the compound is formaldehyde. If one R group is hydrogen and the other is an alkyl or aryl group, the compound is a typical aldehyde. Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group where both R groups attached to the carbonyl carbon are organic substituents (alkyl or aryl groups).

The carbonyl group's polarity, due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen, makes it susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This reactivity is fundamental to many organic reactions, including nucleophilic addition, condensation, and oxidation-reduction processes. Compounds containing the carbonyl group play vital roles in biological systems, such as in carbohydrates and amino acids, and are widely used in industry as solvents, flavorings, and intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and polymers.