jónir

jónir are charged particles that form when atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons. They exist in all states of matter but are especially important in liquids, where they are typically solvated as ions in solutions. In Icelandic, the plural term for ions is jónir.

Ion formation occurs through ionization or dissolution. Ionization involves electron transfer, while salts dissociate into their constituent ions in solution. Redox reactions also generate ions. Ions can be monoatomic, such as Na+ or Cl−, or polyatomic, such as NO3−, OH−, or SO4^2−. The net electrical charge determines their behavior in electric fields: cations are positively charged and move toward the cathode, while anions are negatively charged and move toward the anode.

Ions differ in size and charge, and in solutions they are usually surrounded by a shell of solvent molecules, a situation known as solvation or hydration. Their mobility depends on charge density, concentration, and solvent properties. Ions conduct electricity in molten salts or ionic solutions, enabling electrochemical processes and various biological functions.

Ions are central to many chemical and biological systems. They participate in acid–base reactions, precipitation, and electrolysis, and they set up gradients that power cellular activities such as nerve signaling and muscle contraction. In environmental science, ion composition influences water quality, soil chemistry, and nutrient availability.

Common ions include Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, NO3−, HCO3−, and SO4^2−. The study of ions spans chemistry, physics, biology, and environmental science, reflecting their fundamental role in matter and energy transfer.