izoprenoidowej

Izoprenoidy, also known as terpenoidy, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from repeating units of isoprene. Isoprene is a five-carbon molecule with the chemical formula C5H8. These compounds are synthesized in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. The structural diversity of izoprenoids arises from the way these isoprene units are arranged and modified.

The basic building block of izoprenoids is isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). These are produced through two main biosynthetic pathways: the mevalonate pathway and the non-mevalonate pathway (also known as the MEP/DOXP pathway). Through a series of enzymatic reactions, these five-carbon units are polymerized and cyclized to form a vast array of compounds.

Izoprenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Monoterpenoids consist of two isoprene units (C10), sesquiterpenoids of three (C15), diterpenoids of four (C20), sesterterpenoids of five (C25), triterpenoids of six (C30), and tetraterpenoids of eight (C40). Polymers of more than eight isoprene units are called polyterpenoids.

These compounds play crucial roles in various biological processes. They are essential components of essential oils, giving plants their characteristic fragrances and flavors. Many izoprenoids also possess significant biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Examples include carotenoids (like beta-carotene), steroids (like cholesterol), and rubber.