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Interactionism, often referred to as symbolic interactionism, is a major sociological perspective that analyzes how individuals interact with one another and how these interactions shape social reality. It emphasizes the importance of symbols, language, and face-to-face communication in the construction of meaning and the development of self.

Central to interactionism is the idea that society is not a fixed entity but is continuously created and recreated through the shared understandings and interpretations of its members. Individuals are seen as active agents who interpret their social environment and respond to it based on these interpretations. This process of interpretation is mediated by symbols, the most important of which is language. Through language, people can share abstract ideas, communicate emotions, and coordinate their actions.

Key concepts within interactionism include the "self," which is viewed as a social product developed through interaction with others and the internalization of their perspectives. The "looking-glass self," a concept developed by Charles Horton Cooley, suggests that our sense of self is shaped by how we imagine others perceive us. Herbert Mead further developed this by distinguishing between the "I" (the spontaneous, creative self) and the "me" (the socialized self, which incorporates the attitudes of others).

George Herbert Mead is considered the founder of symbolic interactionism. His work highlighted the importance of role-taking, where individuals learn to understand social situations by imagining themselves in the roles of others. This ability is crucial for social interaction and for developing a sense of social self. Interactionism offers a micro-level analysis of society, focusing on the everyday interactions that form the building blocks of larger social structures and institutions.