hysteroscopen

A hysteroscope is a slender endoscope designed for direct visualization of the uterine cavity through the cervix. It is used for diagnostic evaluation and, in many cases, minimally invasive intrauterine procedures.

Flexible or rigid designs are used, with a camera or fiber-optic bundle, a light source, and a working channel to introduce instruments. The cavity is distended with saline or other sterile fluid to improve visualization.

Hysteroscopy is performed in an outpatient or operating setting, depending on the procedure and anesthesia. Hysteroscopes come in different diameters, commonly around 3 to 5 millimeters, and may be connected to video monitors for direct visualization.

Common diagnostic indications include abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility evaluation, suspected polyps or submucosal fibroids, intrauterine adhesions, and congenital uterine anomalies.

Therapeutic uses include removal of polyps, resection of submucosal fibroids, adhesiolysis in Asherman’s syndrome, and other intrauterine surgical procedures.

Procedural considerations include careful cervical preparation, sterile technique, and the use of analgesia or sedation as appropriate. Complications are uncommon but can include uterine perforation, infection, excessive bleeding, or fluid overload from distension media.

Historically, hysteroscopy evolved from early endoscopy in the 19th and 20th centuries, with modern video systems and minimally invasive techniques becoming common from the late 20th century onward.