hypofarynx

The hypopharynx, also known as the laryngopharynx, is the lowest part of the pharynx, a musculomembranous tube that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus. It is located posterior to the larynx and extends from the level of the hyoid bone superiorly to the cricopharyngeal muscle, which is the upper esophageal sphincter, inferiorly. The hypopharynx serves as a passageway for both air and food.

Anatomically, the hypopharynx is divided into three main regions: the pyriform sinuses, the postcricoid region, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. The pyriform sinuses are bilateral, pear-shaped depressions located lateral to the larynx. The postcricoid region is the area directly behind the cricoid cartilage. The posterior pharyngeal wall is the superiorly located portion extending down to the esophagus. This area is lined with a mucous membrane and contains various glands that contribute to lubrication.

Functionally, the hypopharynx plays a crucial role in swallowing. During deglutition, the muscles of the hypopharynx contract to propel food and liquids into the esophagus. It also contributes to airway protection by working in coordination with the larynx to prevent aspiration of food into the trachea. The hypopharynx is a common site for the development of squamous cell carcinoma, a type of cancer. Symptoms of hypopharyngeal cancer can include difficulty swallowing, a persistent sore throat, and voice changes.