humanconsumption

Human consumption, in the context of economics and sustainability, refers to the final use of goods and services by people to satisfy needs and wants. It spans food, energy, housing, transportation, durable goods, and services. In macroeconomics it is a major component of aggregate demand; in environmental studies it is a primary driver of material and energy flows and related impacts.

Measurement and drivers: Measuring consumption involves national accounts (final consumption expenditure), household surveys, energy and resource use statistics, and indicators such as ecological footprint and material footprint. Major determinants include population size, income per capita, prices and availability of goods, technology, cultural preferences, and government policy. Patterns vary widely between regions and over time.

Environmental and social implications: Implications include resource depletion, land-use change, greenhouse gas emissions, water use, waste generation, and pollution. Inequities in access to essential goods persist; health and well-being are linked to consumption levels. Per capita consumption tends to be higher in high-income countries, while developing regions often experience rapid growth.

Policy and trends: Policy responses emphasize sustainable consumption and production, including efficiency improvements, circular economy practices, product design for longevity and recyclability, labeling, incentives, and regulation. Global initiatives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, aim to decouple consumption growth from environmental impact and improve living standards.