hljóð

hljóð is a common Icelandic noun meaning sound or noise. In everyday use it can refer to any audible phenomenon, from the squeak of a hinge to a bird’s call. In scholarly contexts, hljóðdenotes a speech sound or phoneme—the basic units that make up a language’s sound system. The word is thus used both for general auditory phenomena and for specific elements of spoken language.

In linguistics, several compound terms center on hljóð. hljóðkerfi refers to the phonemic or sound system of a language, listing the distinct sounds it uses. hljóðfræði, or phonetics, studies the physical properties of speech sounds, including articulation and acoustics. Historical linguistics talks about hljóðbreytingar, or sound changes, describing how languages shift their sound patterns over time and across dialects.

Etymology traces hljóð to Old Norse hljóð, with roots in Proto-Germanic that are believed to relate to the notion of sound or loudness. Cognate terms appear in other Germanic languages, such as Old English hlūd (“loud”), Dutch luid, and German laut. These connections reflect a shared ancestry for words describing sound and intensity across the Germanic family.

Overall, hljóð functions as a versatile term in Icelandic, spanning everyday perception of sound and technical discussions of language and phonetics. It provides a gateway to related concepts like phonology, acoustics, and historical sound change, while remaining a familiar word in ordinary speech.