hgemonía

Hegemonía, or hegemony, is the political, economic, and cultural dominance of one state or group over others within a system. The term, from the Greek hegemonia meaning leadership, is used in international relations, political theory, and sociology to describe how a leading power can shape rules, norms, and outcomes that others follow.

In international relations, hegemony refers to a preponderance of power that can provide public goods such as security, monetary stability, and open trade. A hegemon is often thought to reduce transactional costs and stabilize the international order, though its leadership can also entail burdens and responsibilities for the dominant state. Hegemonic Stability Theory, associated with scholars such as Charles Kindleberger, argues that a chief power is frequently needed to sustain a liberal, rule-based system.

Cultural hegemony, a concept developed by Antonio Gramsci, explains how a ruling group maintains control not only through coercion but by shaping beliefs, values, and norms so that the existing order appears natural and legitimate.

Historically, examples of hegemonic powers include classical Athens and Rome, the British Empire during the 19th century, and the United States after World War II, which helped establish and sustain a liberal international order. In the contemporary era, debates focus on the relative influence of the United States, China, and other actors across politics, economics, technology, and culture.

Critics argue that hegemony can be unstable, provoke resistance, create dependency, and impose unequal burdens. Alternatives discussed include multipolar or pluralistic arrangements and regional leadership models.