górnymi

Górnymi is the instrumental plural form of the Polish adjective górny, meaning “upper” or “top.” It is used to describe plural nouns in the instrumental case, typically after prepositions that require instrumental, or in constructions that express with-part/means relationships.

Morphology and usage: The base adjective górny belongs to the -ny class. In the instrumental plural, the form ends with -nymi, producing górnymi. This form agrees with masculine personal, feminine, and neuter nouns in plural when the phrase is in instrumental; the head noun determines the overall gender and number of the noun phrase. Górnym (singular instrumental) contrasts with górnymi (plural instrumental) and with the other inflected forms used in different cases and numbers.

Common contexts: Górnymi is found in descriptive phrases where an upper or upper-side attribute applies to multiple items. For example: z górnymi domami (with the upper houses), w górnymi budynkami (using the upper buildings), or między górnymi warstwami (between the upper layers). It also appears in architectural, geographical, or figurative descriptions that distinguish upper parts from lower ones.

Etymology and relation: The word derives from góra, meaning “mountain,” “hill,” or “top.” The adjective górny is used in contrast with dolny (lower). As an instrumental plural form, górnymi shares its ending pattern with other adjectives of the same grammatical class.

See also: dolny, górna, górne, dolne, the Polish case system, and adjective declension.