gyroscoop

Gyroscoop, or gyroscope, is a device that measures or maintains orientation based on the conservation of angular momentum. It typically consists of a spinning rotor mounted in a frame that allows its axis to tilt freely. The rapid rotation makes the rotor resist changes to its orientation, a property that can be used to detect angular velocity or to stabilize a system.

Principle: The spinning rotor carries angular momentum and resists torques applied to its axis. When a torque is applied, the rotor tends to move at right angles to the torque direction, a phenomenon known as gyroscopic precession. In traditional designs, the rotor is mounted on gimbals that allow three-dimensional orientation.

Types: The term covers several implementations. Mechanical gyroscopes use a spinning rotor in a set of gimbals. Rate gyros measure angular velocity, while modern MEMS gyroscopes rely on vibrating structures in microfabricated devices. Some gyroscopes are part of inertial measurement units that combine angular rate with accelerometer data.

Applications: Gyroscopes are used for navigation in ships, aircraft, and spacecraft, and for stabilization in cameras, antennas, and virtual reality systems. They enable attitude control in spacecraft, drones, and missiles, and play a key role in consumer electronics such as smartphones, wearables, and gaming controllers.

History: The concept and practical devices were developed in the 19th and 20th centuries and have since become central to inertial navigation and stabilization technology. Today, gyroscopes include optical, fiber-optic, and MEMS-based variants, with widespread use across industry and consumer devices.