gruczoów

Gruczoły are microscopic or macroscopic structures found in multicellular organisms, primarily animals, that are responsible for producing and secreting substances. These substances can be diverse, serving a wide range of functions essential for life. The study of glands is known as endocrinology when referring to endocrine glands and histology when examining their cellular structure.

Glands are broadly classified into two main categories based on their mode of secretion. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts, which then transport the secretions to a specific location, such as the surface of the body or into a body cavity. Examples include sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands. Endocrine glands, on the other hand, are ductless. They secrete their products, called hormones, directly into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, which then carry these hormones to target cells throughout the body, where they regulate various physiological processes.

The cells that make up glands are specialized epithelial cells. Their structure and organization vary depending on the type of gland and its specific function. Some glands are simple, consisting of a single secretory cell, while others are complex, with intricate duct systems and multiple secretory units. The secretions produced by glands can include enzymes, hormones, mucus, sweat, lipids, and electrolytes, each playing a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating bodily functions.